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Grace Brewster Murray Hopper (December 9, 1906January 1, 1992), Grace Brewster Murray, was an American computer scientist and United States Navy Rear Admiral. She was one of the first programmers of the Harvard Mark I computer in 1944,〔http://chsi.harvard.edu/markone/crew.html The Mark I computer at Harvard University〕 invented the first compiler for a computer programming language, and was one of those who popularized the idea of machine-independent programming languages which led to the development of COBOL, one of the first high-level programming languages. She is credited with popularizing the term "debugging" for fixing computer glitches (in one instance, removing a moth from a computer〔http://www.computerworld.com/article/2515435/app-development/moth-in-the-machine--debugging-the-origins-of--bug-.html〕). Owing to her accomplishments and her naval rank, she is sometimes referred to as "Amazing Grace".〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Cyber Heroes of the past: "Amazing Grace" Hopper )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Grace Murray Hopper )〕 The U.S. Navy Arleigh Burke class guided-missile destroyer USS ''Hopper'' (DDG-70) is named for her, as is the Cray XE6 "Hopper" supercomputer at NERSC. ==Early life and education== Hopper was born in New York City. She was the oldest in a family of three children. Her parents, Walter Fletcher Murray and Mary Campbell Van Horne, were of Dutch and Scottish descent, and attended West End Collegiate Church. Her great-grandfather, Alexander Wilson Russell, an admiral in the US Navy, fought in the Battle of Mobile Bay during the Civil War. Grace was curious as a child, a lifelong trait: at the age of seven she decided to determine how an alarm clock worked, and dismantled seven alarm clocks before her mother realized what she was doing (she was then limited to one clock). For her preparatory school education, she attended the Hartridge School in Plainfield, New Jersey. Rejected for early admission to Vassar College at age 16 (her test scores in Latin were too low), she was admitted the following year. She graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Vassar in 1928 with a bachelor's degree in mathematics and physics and earned her master's degree at Yale University in 1930. In 1934, she earned a Ph.D. in mathematics from Yale under the direction of Øystein Ore.〔〔Though some books, including Kurt Beyer's ''Grace Hopper and the Invention of the Information Age'', reported that Hopper was the first woman to earn a Yale PhD in mathematics, the first of ten women prior to 1934 was Charlotte Cynthia Barnum (1860–1934). 〕 Her dissertation, ''New Types of Irreducibility Criteria'', was published that same year.〔G. M. Hopper and O. Ore, "New types of irreducibility criteria," ''Bull. Amer. Math. Soc.'' 40 (1934) 216〕 Hopper began teaching mathematics at Vassar in 1931, and was promoted to associate professor in 1941. She was married to New York University professor Vincent Foster Hopper (1906–76) from 1930 until their divorce in 1945. She never remarried, and she kept his surname. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Grace Hopper」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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